Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a progressive lung disease characterized by airflow obstruction and breathing difficulties. The two main conditions that contribute to COPD are emphysema and chronic bronchitis.

Emphysema: Emphysema occurs when the air sacs (alveoli) in the lungs become damaged and lose their elasticity. This leads to the destruction of lung tissue and reduces the surface area available for oxygen exchange, resulting in difficulty breathing.

Chronic Bronchitis: Chronic bronchitis involves inflammation and narrowing of the bronchial tubes, which carry air to and from the lungs. This inflammation leads to increased mucus production and persistent coughing, further obstructing airflow.

Common symptoms of COPD include:

• Persistent cough
• Shortness of breath, especially during physical activity
• Wheezing
• Chest tightness
• Frequent respiratory infections

COPD is primarily caused by long-term exposure to irritants such as cigarette smoke, air pollution, chemical fumes, and dust. Other risk factors include genetic factors, respiratory infections during childhood, and certain occupations with exposure to lung irritants.

Diagnosis of COPD typically involves a combination of medical history, physical examination, lung function tests (spirometry), and imaging tests such as chest X-rays or CT scans.

Management and treatment of COPD aim to relieve symptoms, improve quality of life, and prevent disease progression. Treatment options may include: